The housing affordability crisis seems impossible to solve. Policies intended to help people priced out of the market often serve to fan the flames and increase costs.
An example is tax-free down payment plans like the one just announced in the federal 2022 budget, which can drive up prices by allowing more buyers to compete for available units.
To make housing truly affordable, governments need to take a different approach. The budget takes a small step in the right direction by allocating $500 million of direct funding and $1 billion in loans to create more non-profit housing co-operatives.
Non-profit housing co-operatives are mixed-income, multi-unit projects that are jointly managed by residents. In the early years, seed funding came from unions and churches. But starting in the 1970s, the federal government provided financial support in the form of government-backed mortgages and subsidies to low-income tenants
Members of housing co-ops qualify for either market units — they pay the full rent but the price is lower than what’s charged by private landlords, since no profit is extracted — or subsidized units, meaning they contribute a percentage of their income, which is topped up by a government subsidy.
Once the building’s mortgage is paid off, the fees charged to co-op residents are low because they only cover maintenance costs. The units remain affordable in perpetuity, and the cost of the government subsidy decreases over time.
Looking to the past for solutions now
Co-operative housing is just one part of a broader co-operative movement that emerged in the mid-19th century as a way to address the new inequalities caused by urbanization and industrialization.
The Rochdale Equitable Pioneer Society was a group of English weavers who founded more than just a co-operative shop. They adopted seven core principles that ensured that economic activity was tied to the needs of members rather than the profit of investors.
These principles included open membership, democratic control, rules for allocating profit and promotion of education. At the core of the philosophy is the idea that property has a social function of ensuring that all members of society flourish.
In a period when homelessness and housing costs have reached crisis levels, it’s time to look to the past to see what solutions have worked.
In the 1970s, Canada invested heavily in co-operative housing, and some provinces also implemented their own programs. Today, 125,000 people live in non-profit housing co-ops across Ontario.
Mixed income housing co-operatives were a key component of the redevelopment of the St. Lawrence neighbourhood in downtown Toronto, which is now considered one of the city’s most vibrant areas. Seventy per cent of the first two phases were developed by non-profit housing organizations, and co-ops continue to anchor affordability in the downtown core.
Lessons from Europe
The relatively small size of the Canadian co-operative sector may lead some to conclude that it’s a nice idea, but not a realistic strategy for tackling an enormous problem. Others might argue it’s unfair that some people will benefit from lower costs while others continue to be rent-burdened.
The experience of European countries, however, shows that this approach can be scaled up to provide a comprehensive, fair solution to housing affordability.
In Austria, 20 per cent of all housing and 40 per cent of multi-family housing is non-profit. In Vienna, 60 per cent of residents live in units either owned by the municipal government or in state-subsidized, non-profit co-operatives. A one-bedroom co-op apartment rents for around $400 in the city.
There is political support across the ideological spectrum in Austria, ensuring that the supply of high-quality co-operative housing keeps up with demand.
Given that co-operative housing in Canada has been extremely successful, what accounts for its marginal role in contemporary housing policy?
It’s partly due to the economic crisis that hit Canada in the 1980s. Global inflation, industrialization and skyrocketing interest rates led to a government debt crisis, and federal funding for housing programs dried up.
When the crisis receded, the market fundamentalism of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher — conservative politicians who advocated low taxes, deregulation and privatization — had made it difficult for some to regard government as a solution rather than a problem.
Cost-effective
Co-operatives, however, are extremely cost-effective because they almost never default on their mortgages, which is why the federal government hopes to leverage $500 million to build 6,000 units, an investment of $83,000 per unit. A closer look at the budget, however, reveals that only $191 million is committed in the next five years, all of it reallocated from other programs.
The supply of new housing in Toronto has increased at a faster rate than population growth. This tells us that increasing supply alone is not the answer. Nor can we blame foreign investors, who make up only 2.2 per cent of buyers in Ontario’s red-hot real estate market.
The actual speculators are regular homeowners who are leveraging themselves, knowing that capital gains from a primary residence are tax-free. Housing activists also point out that new luxury condos don’t increase the supply of affordable units.
In theory, the construction of high-priced units should lower prices by decreasing competition for cheaper units, but in practice it hasn’t worked that way. It’s a good idea to increase the supply of housing by making it easier to redevelop under-developed land or properties, but this should be part of an affordability strategy that prioritizes co-operatives.
The goal of housing for all cannot be achieved through the market alone. Co-operative housing offers a viable solution that could substantially ease the housing affordability crisis.
Margaret Kohn receives funding from The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
